Greeting, this time we will discuss about the Denotation and connotation. At the semantic meaning and significance are the type that can be clarified into lexical and grammatical meaning, meaning denotative and connotative meanings, and literal and non-literal meanings. Puisi The use of the word in Indonesian can be interpreted as a lexical or concepts, but also can be interpreted contextually, according to the situation of use. Possibility of a word is defined as a lexical and contextual in expressing the intent, this can mean significant word meaning denotative or connotative meaning. But the sense of denotative and connotative meanings contained errors sometimes occur in the learning and use of Indonesian words.
Understanding Denotation and connotation
Denotation
The term denotation (denotation) is used in a different concept in semantics, namely:
According to Trask suggested that denotation refers to the central meaning of a linguistic form that can be considered as a case to which it refers.
Hartmann and James defines denotation aspect oh meaning in part that relates a word or phrase to the objective referent it expresse or aspects of meaning linking linguistic forms with reference to the intended objective.
Cruse suggested that the intended denotation is the aspect of the meaning of the linguistic form that can potentially be used as a basis for making a true statement about the world. According denotation covers the issue of the extension and intentions. Cinta Extension of a linguistic form includes all entities that can be denoted by the form, for example a flower can mendenotasi roses, jasmine, orchid, and so are still included in the group of interest; whereas the intention of a linguistic form refers to the characteristics or properties owned jointly by its existence, for example, the same traits among jasmine, roses, orchids, and so on.
Thus, it can be concluded that the denotative meaning is an aspect of the meaning of certain linguistic form containing characteristics:
1) is a central or core meaning,
2) connecting the linguistic form with reference to objective,
3) can be used as a basis for making a correct statement about the world.
Denotative meaning is sometimes equated with the literal meaning, referential meaning, the meaning of cognitive and conceptual meaning.
Connotation
The term connotation (connotation) are also given different limits as well, namely:
According to Trask mendefinikan connotation as "the meaning of a word that is broader than its central and primary sense, acquired through frequent Often associations or meaning of the word wider than the central meaning and its main meaning is usually obtained through repeated association.
Richards and Schmidt argued that the additional connotation of the word or phrase that goes beyond the central meaning. Based on the reference of the word or phrase is, the additional sense of emotion and its attitude. However, they further add connotation can be owned jointly by a group of people who have a background in cultural, social, gender, and age the same, and connotations can also be solely owned by a person or persons who are dependent on their experience.
Restrictions similar to what was proposed by Richards and Smith also expressed by Hartman and James is that connotation is the aspect of the meaning of words or phrases that exploits a subjective nature overtone emotive.
Crystal also noted that the connotation is emotional, both individual and communal, which is suggested by a meaning or part of, the linguistic unit. Puisi Tentang Cinta In the opinion of Cruse, that connotation has several meanings: 1) in everyday language, connotation means roughly equal to the association, 2) the use of the technical, the term connotation refers to aspects of meaning that is not based on truth conditions (non-truth-conditional ), and 3) the term sometimes used is proportional to the connotation of the term intentions.
From the definition above, it can be concluded that the connotation has several dimensions, namely:
1) wider than its main central meaning and significance,
2) an additional meaning obtained through the association,
3) is an additional, subjective, emotive, and describe its attitude,
4) motivated by the experience, so it can be owned jointly by public speakers or simply by a person and a group of people.
Connotation is often equated with the sense of affective and emotive meaning.
To distinguish connotative and denotative meaning, it is necessary to consider the relationship between words porters, laborers, employees and workers. Four words that have meaning denotative or less the same. However, the content value of flavor inherent in four words are different, so we feel that the word is more rugged than the word coolie laborers, workers said more rough than said employees, and employees are more rugged than the worker said. As another example, can also be considered in the word dog. said the dog has a negative connotation in Indonesian. Because of this negative connotation, we can use as invective, and can be interpreted otherwise that word can be used as insults usually has a negative connotation. Value negati flavor is derived from recurring association of the cuss word for something that morally can be categorized as bad.
In Islamic terminology, the dog is an animal containing unclean, unclean even the toughest. Incidentally, the majority of Indonesian Moslem. Unclean dog association with the cause value a sense of the word dog in Indonesian for the worse.
Denotative and connotative meaning
Denotative is the original meaning, the meaning of origin, or the true meaning which is owned by a lexeme. So this is actually the same denotative with lexical meaning. For example, the word means donotatif pigs 'regular kind of animals bred for meat used'. Said thin meaningful denotatif 'state of one's body that is smaller than the normal size'. Said group denotative meaning 'a group of people clustered into a single unit'.
If denotatif refers sebernanya original meaning or meanings of a word or a lexeme, the connotative meaning is another meaning of the "added" to the denotative was associated with a sense of the value of the person or group of people who use the word. For example the word pig in the example above, the people of Islam or the Islamic community has a negative connotation, there is a sense or feeling uneasy when they hear the word. Said thin also in the example above neutral connotations, that is to say, it has no value reassure taste (unfavorable). But the word lean, which is actually synonymous with the word thin it has a positive connotation, value mengenakkan taste; people would love to say slim. Instead, said krempeng, which was also synonymous with the word thin and slender, has a negative connotation, value a sense of not wearing; people will feel uncomfortable to say the body krempeng.
From the example of thin, sleek, and krempeng that we can conclude, that the denotative three words have the same meaning or synonyms, but all three have the same connotations; neutral connotation thin, sleek positive connotation, and krempeng negative connotation. What about the word group and gangs? Which positive connotation and which is also a negative connotation?
With regard to the issue of this connotation, one thing you must remember is that the connotation of a word can be different between a person and another, between one region and another, or between the period with another period. That is the word pork on top; negative connotation for the Islamic religion, but not a negative connotation for those who are not Moslem. Before the colonial era of Japan said the woman was not a negative connotation, but now a negative connotation.
Meaning of words women and women all of which refer to the referent or benchmark beyond language, the 'man-sex feminine'. Overall meaning component which is owned by a word called denotata. Therefore, the meaning of which is so-called denotative. Although women and girls have the same denotative meaning, but each has a different emotive value. Emotive value here concerns the subtle nuances and rough. Emotive value contained in a form called a linguistic connotation. Therefore, women and girls are said to have different connotative meanings. Said the woman has subtle shades of meaning, whereas women have shades of meaning (more) rough.
Cognitive Meaning
Cognitive meaning is also called descriptive or denotative meaning is the meaning that suggest a link between the concept of the world a reality. Cognitive meaning is straightforward meaning, the meaning of what it is. Not only possessed the cognitive meaning of words which designate real objects, but refers pila in forms specific cognitive significance (Djajasudarma, 1993: 9).
Kridalaksana (1993) in the linguistic dictionaries, explaining that the meaning of cognitive (cognitive meaning) is a unit of meaning aspects of language-related traits in nature outside the language or reasoning.
Cognitive meaning is often used in engineering terms. As already mentioned that the connotative meaning is also called a descriptive meaning, denotative and cognitive conceptual meaning. This meaning is never associated with more things are associative, meaning without interpretation partnerships with other objects or other events. Cognitive meaning is the true meaning, not meaning allusion or metaphor.
Connotative meaning and Emotive
Meaning cognitive indistinguishable from connotative meaning and emotive based relationship, the relationship between the word with the reference (referent) or word relationships with its denotation (the relationship between the word (phrase) with people, places, nature, processes, and activities outside of language; and relations between word (phrase) with certain characteristics that are connotative or emotive.
Connotative meaning is the meaning that arises from cognitive meaning (through cognitive meaning), into the cognitive meaning of the added components other meanings (Djajasudarma, 1993). While Krida laksan (1993), gives the sense that the connotative meaning (connotative meaning) together with the connotation, that aspect of the meaning of a word or group based on feelings or thoughts that arise or incurred on the speaker (author) and the audience (reader).
